به مناسبت پنجاه و پنجمین سال درگذشت بانو مهرتاج رخشان

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مهرتاج رخشان (1260-1353ه.ش) اولین فارغ‌التحصیل مدرسه دخترانه آمریکایی تهران، مؤسس مدرسه  دخترانه «ام‌المدارس»، عضو هیات تحریریه مجله «عالم نسوان» و نویسنده نخستین نظام‌نامه‎ ی مدارس ایران برای وزارت معارف است.

نام اصلی مهرتاج رخشان، «بدرالدجی» بود که پدرش میرزا محمدباقر رضوی معروف به امام‌الحکما قاضی بر او گذاشته بود. خودش درباره نامش این‌طور می‌گوید: «پدرم اسم بدرالدجی را برایم انتخاب کرد ولی خودم وقتی بزرگ شدم و فهمیدم که این اسم یعنی ماهی در میان تاریکی از آن خوشم نیامد و نام مهرتاج را برای خودم برگزیدم. من نمی‌خواستم خودم تنها یک ماه باشم در میان دنیای تاریکی، دلم می‌خواست همه زن‌ها ماه باشند و دنیا از وجود زن پر از نور و روشنایی شود.

مهرتاج فقه، عربی، تاریخ و زبان انگلیسی را نزد پدر و مادرش آموخت. در شانزده سالگی به همراه خواهرش برای آن‌که پدرشان را وادار کنند تا به تحصیلشان در مدرسه رضایت دهد، در منزل علی‌اصغرخان اتابک که از دشمنان پدرشان بود، متحصن شدند تا پدر قبول کرد در مدرسه آمریکایی‌ها درس بخوانند. به این ترتیب او نخستین زن مسلمان ایرانی است که از مدرسه آمریکایی‌ها در ایران فارغ‌التحصیل شده است. وی پس از فارغ‌التحصیلی به معلمی ‌و مدیریت در مدارس دخترانه ادامه داد. در سال چهارم دبیرستان مسئولان مدرسه آمریکایی‌ها از پدرش می‌خواهند که به او برای ایجاد یک مدرسه‌ی دخترانه کمک کند. وی پیش از این در اداره «مدرسه شرعیات اصفهان» به صدیقه دولت آبادی کمک می‎کرد اما مدرسه ام‌المدارس را با کمک پدر تاسیس کرد.

 

خانم مدیر

بیشترین حوزه فعالیت مهرتاج رخشان در زمینه آموزش دختران بود. وی در مدرسه آمریکایی‌ها که از آن فارغ‌التحصیل شده بود، زبان و ادبیات فارسی را تدریس کرد. سپس موسس مدرسه در انزلی، مدیر و معلم در شهرهای گلپایگان، مشهد، شاهرود و ملایر شد. او همچنین به درخواست وزیر معارف نظام‌نامه‌ای برای مدارس ایران تهیه کرد که در صفحه‌ی اول نخستین شماره مجله معارف به چاپ رسید. از آنجا که دختران اجازه داشتند تا کلاس ششم درس بخوانند، وی در کنگره نسوان شرق که به سال 1311 ه.ش در تهران برگزار شد، پیشنهاد تساوی حقوق دختر و پسر را در امر تحصیلی داد. مهرتاج در خطابه خود در این کنگره تاکید کرده بود: «باید مدارس عالیه برای دخترها تهیه شود و به معارف آنها توسعه داده بشود نه اینکه صبر کنند تا دختران خودشان قابلیت پیدا کنند.

وی نهایتا در ۱۳۱۱ از اداره‎ی فرهنگ بازنشسته شد. یکی از دلایل بازنشستگی او اختلاف در مورد آموزش درس حفظ‌الصحه بود که مسئولان آن را درسی بی‌فایده می‌پنداشتند.

خانه امید

ایده‌ی «خانه امید» مهرتاج رخشان، جنبه‌ی دیگری از دغدغه‌های اجتماعی او را نشان می‌دهد. وی ایده خانه امید را برای اولین بار در آبان 1307 در مجله عالم نسوان عنوان کرد. مهرتاج بر این عقیده بود که خانه امید جایی برای اسکان زنان فاحشه و دختران فراری باشد. از نظر وی«این بی‎کسان منزل و ماوای دلگشا و مصفایی لازم دارند. این بلادیدگان اثاثیه ساده و تمیزی لازم دارند. این مظلومان خوراک معین و لباس ساده و تمیزی می‎خواهند… آنها چرخ خیاطی لازم دارند که روزی چند ساعت مشغول کار باشند، چه بیکاری منشا تمام بداخلاقی‌هاست. از همه واجب‎تر آنکه دکتر و دوا لازم دارند که مراقب و مواظب پروگرام یومیه آنها باشند و ساعات کار و درس و خورد و خوراک خواب آنها تحت یک دیسیپلین قرار بگیرد.

او هزینه‌ی اداره خانه امید، را تنها بر عهده‌ی دولت نمی‌دانست و علاوه بر کمک‌های خیریه، بر توانمند شدن زنان آسیب دیده تاکید داشت:

<< بودجه این موسسه را بنده به چهار قسم پیشنهاد می‎کنم: اول صرف قسمتی از اوقاف؛ دویم خراج مالیاتی که از فاحشه‌خانه‌ها اخذ می‌شود؛ سوم اعانه محلی که از اشخاص با شرف و متمول می‌رسد؛ چهارم قسمتی که خود آنها در عرض روز کار می‌کنند. مثلا خیاطی یک دسته از نظامیان را به عهده آنها محول کنند.>>

در سخنرانی دومین کنگره‎ینسوان شرق در سال 1311، دوباره این موضوع از سوی او مطرح شد و به پیشنهاد او ماده ۱۷ مرام‌نامه‎یکنگره‎ی بین‌المللی زنان به ضرورت لغو فحشا و بردگی اختصاص یافت.

وی وصیت کرده بود بعد از مرگش تمام دارایی‌اش به این کار اختصاص یابد.

طراحی چادر

مهرتاج رخشان طراح مدل خاصی از چادر بود که بسیار شبیه به مدل چادر ایرانی امروزی است. وی ایده‌ی طراحی را این گونه بیان می‌کند:

>>برای رفتن به مدرسه راه درازی را باید طی می‌کردم و هر روز چندین کتاب قطور مدرسه‌ای و یک ظرف غذا نیز با خود داشتم. حمل کردن اینها و گرفتن چادر به اتفاق برایم خیلی مشکل بود و همیشه در این فکر بودم که چکار کنم تا از این عذاب راحت بشوم. خلاصه بعد از مدتی با فکر زیاد به این نتیجه رسیدم که باید لباسی درست کنم که از هر جهت پوشیده باشد و در عوض دست هایم آزاد باشند.>>

استفاده از این چادر با مخالفت بسیاری همراه بود و مهرتاج نتوانست در مقابل آنها تاب بیاورد و در نهایت مجبور شد که از چادر خود استفاده کند.

حجاب و آزادی حجاب همواره دغدغه ذهنی او بود. از او به عنوان اولین دختر مسلمانی یاد می‌کنند که در جشن فارغ‌التحصیلی خود در مدرسه آمریکایی‌ها بی‌حجاب حاضر شد. علاوه بر این چند بار به دلیل نپوشیدن چاقچور از طرف پلیس دستگیر شد. همچنین وی از حامیان میرزاده عشقی، شاعر، بود که منظومه «کفن سیاه» را در انتقاد به حجاب سروده بود.

مهرتاج رخشان در سال های پایانی عمرش منزوی شد. این اتفاق بعد از بازنشستگی اجباری او در سال 1311 و پس از برگزاری کنگره نسوان شرق بود. از آن جایی که در این سال همه فعالیت‌های مستقل زنان تعلیق شد، روزنامه عالم نسوان هم تعطیل شد. این احتمال وجود دارد که وی جز منتقدین سیاست‌های رضاشاه در تاسیس کانون بانوان بوده باشد و به همین دلیل از فعالیت‌های او نه تنها استقبال نشد که جلوگیری هم به عمل آمد.

او در 29 شهریور 1353 در باغ شخصی‌اش در شهرستان دماوند در حالی از دنیا رفت که مدت‎ها پیش فراموش شده بود.


بانو مهرتاج رخشان که بودوچه کرد؟
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